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Ethereum Layer 2 Networks

Scaling networks built atop Ethereum that process transactions off its main chain to boost speed and cut fees, including Base, Blast, and Aztec.

Current stories

investConfirmed4 publishers

Starknet asks STRK holders to back research into leaving Ethereum for a quantum-resistant Layer 1

Starknet opened a seven-day nonbinding vote on October 15 asking STRK holders to back research into becoming a quantum-resistant Layer 1. A yes buys developer time and further votes, so the cost lands before any design exists.

Perspective Coverage

4 publishers
Builder
Builder 35%
Operator
Operator 19%
Investor
Investor 46%

Reality

Evidence68
Adoption
Not scored
Hype gap+35
Incentives60
Confidence72
investConfirmed3 publishers

Starknet's Shadow Accounts hide the owner of a DeFi position while publishing the position

Starknet and StarkWare unveiled Shadow Accounts on October 13, 2026, per-app DeFi addresses that users fund from shielded STRK20 balances. Their balances, transactions and positions stay public, so what users gain is a severed link to the main wallet.

Perspective Coverage

3 publishers
Builder
Builder 40%
Operator
Operator 42%
Investor
Investor 18%

Reality

Evidence45
Adoption6
Hype gap+15
Incentives50
Confidence62
investOne report1 publisher

Starknet's builders weigh a standalone L1 to get ahead of Ethereum's quantum timetable

Starknet's builders are weighing a standalone L1 aimed at a quantum-resistant network in 2027, Bankless reported. StarkWare's June 30 roadmap had no L1 option, and its third phase depends on Ethereum.

Publishers:bankless.com

Reality

Evidence50
Adoption
Not scored
Hype gap+20
Incentives
Not scored
Confidence45
investConfirmed5 publishers

Starknet weighs quitting Ethereum to reach quantum resistance two years sooner

Starknet says it is actively considering leaving Ethereum to become its own L1, with 2027 as its target for full quantum resistance. STRK rose about 20% to $0.073, Decrypt reported, so holders are already paying for an exit that is still only under discussion.

Perspective Coverage

5 publishers
Builder
Builder 37%
Operator
Operator 17%
Investor
Investor 46%

Reality

Evidence55
Adoption
Not scored
Hype gap+55
Incentives45
Confidence68
investConfirmed2 publishers

Robinhood Chain keeps $1 billion in deposits as daily transactions fall 42%

Robinhood Chain's daily transactions have fallen more than 40% since mid-September, barely three months after the network went live. Robinhood paid customers' swap fees through the whole slide, so the money users still keep parked on the chain is the better test of it.

Perspective Coverage

3 publishers
Builder
Builder 25%
Operator
Operator 32%
Investor
Investor 43%

Reality

Evidence70
Adoption55
Hype gap+10
Incentives65
Confidence68
investOne report1 publisher

Starknet's Stwo prover cuts peak memory by 85% so phones can prove their own transactions

Starknet's Stwo prover cut its peak memory from 13.9 GiB to 2.1 GiB, enough for a smartphone to prove Starknet transactions. Users gain privacy because their data can stay on the handset, while proving whole blocks still scales with workload size.

Reality

Evidence40
Adoption35
Hype gap+20
Incentives
Not scored
Confidence40
investOne report1 publisher

Bitcoin recovers to $82,500 on Trump's Iran pledge with futures leverage flat

Bitcoin climbed back to about $82,500 after Trump said the U.S. would not attack Iran before the Nov. 3 midterms, still about 4% down on the week. Futures open interest barely moved on the way up, so traders bought the bounce without taking on fresh leverage.

Publishers:coindesk.com

Reality

Evidence55
Adoption
Not scored
Hype gap+5
Incentives
Not scored
Confidence50
investOne report1 publisher

Robinhood's talks with T. Rowe Price point tokenized stock wrappers toward active funds

Robinhood is exploring a Stock Token with T. Rowe Price, the $1.9 trillion asset manager, that would track an actively managed ETF. It would be Robinhood's first token on a fund whose holdings a manager picks, and board approval, regulatory clearance and filings still stand between the talks and anything an allocator can buy.

Publishers:crypto.news

Reality

Evidence45
Adoption10
Hype gap+15
Incentives
Not scored
Confidence50
investOne report1 publisher

Abstract's withdrawal cutoffs can arrive before the Ethereum layer-2's Dec. 15 shutdown

Abstract will shut its Ethereum layer-2 network on Dec. 15, 70 days after its Oct. 6 notice telling users to migrate or lose access to their funds. Under the terms of service provider Cube, Inc., the deadlines to start, finish or claim an exit can each fall before that date.

Publishers:cryptoslate.com

Reality

Evidence60
Adoption
Not scored
Hype gap−5
Incentives
Not scored
Confidence58
investConfirmed5 publishers

Robinhood puts $25 million of company capital into bitcoin, about 0.025% of its market value

Robinhood has added $25 million of bitcoin to its balance sheet, crypto chief Johann Kerbrat said, a stake worth about 0.025% of its market value. The company's larger tie to the asset runs through trading, where August crypto volume reached $17.5 billion.

Perspective Coverage

5 publishers
Builder
Builder 25%
Operator
Operator 22%
Investor
Investor 53%

Reality

Evidence60
Adoption25
Hype gap+15
Incentives60
Confidence65
investConfirmed8 publishers

Igloo closes its Abstract layer-2 after losses far outran an $11 million raise

Igloo Inc., the Pudgy Penguins parent, will shut its Abstract layer-2 on Dec. 15 after 18 months of losses in the tens of millions of dollars. Funds not bridged off by then become inaccessible, and its chief executive says no Abstract token is coming.

Perspective Coverage

8 publishers
Builder
Builder 30%
Operator
Operator 31%
Investor
Investor 39%

Reality

Evidence70
Adoption25
Hype gap+25
Incentives50
Confidence70
investConfirmed3 publishers

Arbitrum backs Paxos's USDG to collect a share of stablecoin reserve income

Arbitrum joined Paxos's Global Dollar Network to share USDG reserve income, with a DAO proposal to add 100 million ARB in incentives. It takes no direct cut of the USDC that is about 60% of its $3.8 billion in stablecoins, so the payoff depends on USDG winning that float.

Perspective Coverage

3 publishers
Builder
Builder 28%
Operator
Operator 27%
Investor
Investor 45%

Reality

Evidence62
Adoption22
Hype gap+30
Incentives72
Confidence60
investOne report1 publisher

Blast and Abstract shut their layer 2s as fees fall short of the cost of running a chain

Blast and Abstract are closing their Ethereum layer 2 chains after both operators said running costs outran revenue, Igloo by tens of millions of dollars. Cheaper blob space lowered rollups' posting bills but not the cost of running a chain.

Publishers:crypto.news

Reality

Evidence45
Adoption25
Hype gap0
Incentives
Not scored
Confidence50
investOne report1 publisher

Crypto liquidations hit $547 million on Brent's jump as open interest slips only 1%

Crypto liquidations rose 235% to $547 million after Iran's tanker attacks pushed Brent above $101, yet futures open interest slipped only 1%. Leverage was already thin, so the selling moved token prices far more than it cleared out positions.

Publishers:coindesk.com

Reality

Evidence50
Adoption
Not scored
Hype gap+15
Incentives
Not scored
Confidence50
investOne report1 publisher

Abstract gives 93,000 weekly active addresses until December 15 to leave its chain

Abstract, the Igloo-backed Ethereum layer-2, is shutting down after its secured value fell more than 90% from a peak above $291 million. Its closure comes weeks after Blast's, and holders on smaller layer-2 chains now face fixed dates to move their funds before the bridges close.

Reality

Evidence40
Adoption30
Hype gap+10
Incentives35
Confidence40
investConfirmed8 publishers

Blast closes its Ethereum layer-2 after earning $1,793 in a month

Blast is closing its Ethereum layer-2 after the chain earned $1,793 last month, down from about $3.5 million in June 2024. Revenue fell far faster than deposits, a pattern that fits an airdrop-era chain better than an industry-wide squeeze.

Perspective Coverage

8 publishers
Builder
Builder 26%
Operator
Operator 38%
Investor
Investor 36%

Reality

Evidence72
Adoption3
Hype gap+15
Incentives35
Confidence74
productConfirmed2 publishers

Aztec brings zk.money back as a private stablecoin wallet capped at $2,500 a transfer

Aztec Labs is bringing back zk.money as a private DAI wallet that caps every transfer at $2,500 and all users' deposits combined at $50,000 a day. Raising either limit means a new contract that each user must opt into. The caps arrive while US law on privacy wallets remains unsettled.

Publishers:decrypt.co gizmodo.com

Reality

Evidence60
Adoption
Not scored
Hype gap+30
Incentives55
Confidence62
investConfirmed3 publishers

Base's Cobalt upgrade has the chain itself hold traders' private conditional swaps

Base's Cobalt upgrade went live on September 30 with Validity Transactions, swaps the chain holds privately until set conditions are met. It continues the push toward trading and tokenized assets that Base began in July with its B20 issuer standard.

Perspective Coverage

3 publishers
Builder
Builder 35%
Operator
Operator 20%
Investor
Investor 45%

Reality

Evidence70
Adoption20
Hype gap+15
Incentives55
Confidence65
investOne report1 publisher

Aerodrome's AERO emissions buy half of Base's peak USDC transfer volume

Coin Metrics puts Aerodrome at about half of Base's peak USDC transfer volume, with a single WETH/USDC pool at 32%, and the report says vote-directed AERO rewards and bribes to voters hold that liquidity in place.

Reality

Evidence32
Adoption55
Hype gap+34
Incentives76
Confidence38

Earlier coverage

  1. Hunter Biden's LAPTOP token airdrop targets TRUMP losers, Substack subscribers and friends

    Invest · September 8, 2026 · Confirmed10 publishers

  2. Morpho holds about 70% of the record $2.75bn borrowed on Base

    Invest · September 11, 2026 · One report1 publisher

  3. Robinhood needs another 61% month to match last August's crypto volume

    Invest · September 11, 2026 · Confirmed2 publishers